Detection of Wolbachia and Leishmania DNA in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tabasco, Mexico.

Phlebotomine sand flies are the main vectors of Leishmania genus species worldwide; therefore, the detection of some reproductive parasites, such as Wolbachia, has been considered a possible strategy for biological control. In Mexico, leishmaniasis cases have been recorded in 25 states, yet only two sand fly species have been related to Wolbachia spp. Although the state of Tabasco has a high number of leishmaniasis cases, only few studies have been done on sand fly species. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of sand fly species and to detect Wolbachia spp. and/or Leishmania spp. in the captured specimens. Sand flies were collected at the locality of Huimango, Tabasco, Mexico, during October 2019, using nine light traps (CDC) and two Shannon traps per night. The specimens were identified and females were analyzed by PCR for the DNA detection for pathogens. A total of 193 sand fly specimens belonging to five species were morphologically identified. Pintomyia ovallesi was the most abundant species (76.84%), followed by Micropygomyia cayennensis (6.40%). Furthermore, first records of four sand fly species were established for the state of Tabasco, thereby increasing the species richness in the state from four to eight. We observed a natural infection rate of 9.7% (10/103) for Leishmania and 0.91% (1/103) for Wolbachia. The importance of conducting entomological surveys in endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Mexico is highlighted, to determine whether other sand fly species may be potential vectors of Leishmania spp., and if some Wolbachia strains could be relevant for the control of leishmaniasis.

Reacciones tempranas en escolares vacunados con antisarampionosa en aerosol / Early reactions in vaccinated scholastics, with anti-measles by aerosol

A raíz de la epidemia de sarampión que afectó al país, se tomó la decisión de ampliar la cobertura de vacunación a grupos etáreos escolares, los más afectados en dicha epidemia. La vacunación con técnica en aerosol, permitió optimizar la vacuna, el tiempo de aplicación y los recursos humanos. En Tabasco se vacunaron 208 045 niños; y se realizó una encuesta en la jurisdicción de Jalpa de Méndez a 6 738 niños vacunados, para conocer las reacciones postvacunales una semana después de haber inhalado la vacuna. En los resultados encontrados, en 1844 niños hubo diversos signos y síntomas, que no representan un riesgo para la aplicación de la técnica en aerosol.

In view of the measles epidemic that affected the country, a resolution was taken to enlarge the extent of vaccination range in school age groups, which were the most affected in such epidemic. The vaccination with the aerosol method, allowed the optimization of the vaccine, the aplication time, and the human resources. There were 208 045 scholastics vaccinated in Tabasco, a survey was per­formed in the jurisdiction of Jalpa de Mendez with 6 738 vaccinated children in orden to find out the postvaccina­tion reactions a week after the vaccine was inhalated. It was found in 1 844 children, that there were different signs and symptoms that did not represent a risk for the application of the aerosol method.